1. AN-703 ENERGY METABOLISM 3(3-0)
Theory
Energy metabolism in relation to nutrition. Energy production in the body. Intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Feed energy and its partitioning. Calorigenic effect and composition of ration. Measurement of feed energy; bomb calorimetry and animal calorimetery. Fasting energy metabolism and basal metabolism. Factors affecting energy requirements. Measurements of energy needs through BMR and feeding trials for maintenance, growth, reproduction, production and work. Energy systems for livestock.
Books Recommended
- Sarwar, M. and Zia-il-Hassan, 2000. Nutritient Metabolism in Ruminant. University of Agriculture Press, Faisalabad.
- Orskov, E. R. and M. Ryle, 1990. Energy Nutrition in Ruminants. Elsevier Science Publishers, Essex, U.K.
- Van Soest, P. J. 1988. Nutritional Ecology of Ruminants. Comstock Publishing Associate, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, USA.
- Church, D.C. 1988. Ruminant Animals: Digestive Physiology and Metabolism. Reston Book, Prinston Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
2. AN-713 EQUINE NUTRITION 2(2-0)
Theory
Economic importance of feed for equines. Importance of primary nutrients. Feed preparation and feed allowances. Forages, concent5rates, protein supplements and special feeds for horses. Rations for ploeasurre, training and race horses. Feeding brood mares, stallions, foals, weanlings, yearlings, adult horses, mules and donkeys. Equine feeding systems. Nutritional disorders and their control.
Books Recommended
- Kacker, R. N. 2000. Text Book of Euine Husbandry. Vakas Publ. House, New Delhi, India.
- Higgins, A.J. and I. M. Wright. 1999. The Equine Mnaual, Saunders, London.
- David, F. 1998. Equine Nutrition and Feeding. 2nd ed. Lowa State University Press, lowa, USA.
- NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Horses. National Research Council, National Academy Press. Washington, D.C., USA.
3. AN-707 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ANIMAL NUTRITION 4(0-8)
Practical
Sampling of feeds for chemical analysis; preparation, grinding, labeling and preservation. Maintenance of laboratory equipments and setting up a nutritional laboratory. Cleaning and washing of glasswares. Use of analytical balance. Preparation of buffers and determination of pH. Determination of dry matter by different methods (heat and toluence). Analysis of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin and acid insoluble ash/sillca. Preparation of samples for mineral analysis. Determination of anti-nutritional components in feedstuffs. Determination of nitrites and nitrates in forages. Screening of feeds for mycotoxins.
- AOAC, 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 14th Ed. Arlington Virginia 22209.
- FAO. 1995. Tropical Animal Feeding: A Manual for Research Workers, FAO, Rome, Italy.
- ILCA. 1993. Feed Evaluation. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addisababa, Ethopia.
- Van Soest, P. J. 1988. Nutrition Ecology of Ruminants. Cornell University, USA.
- Promerans, and C. Melon 1987. Food Analysis; Theory and Practice. Elsevier Publishers.
4. AN-714 RUMINANT NUTRITION 4(3-2)
Theory
Principles of feeding ruminant livestock (cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels) at different physiological stages. Development of rumen and feeding preruminant calves. Classification and function of rumen micro-organisms. Fibre digestion in the rumen. Digestion and utilization of degradable and undergradable protein and non protein nitrogenous substances. Microbial protein synthesis. Energy metabolism and utilization of carbonydrates and fats. Vitamins and minerals needs of ruminants. Feeding problems, nutritional disorders and deficiencies. Techniques involved in the study of rumen functions. Techniques involved in the study of rumen functions.
Practical
Measurement of digestion kinetics in the rumen digestion trials. Proteinevaluation techniques in ruminants. Computerized feed formulation for different classes of ruminant livestock.
Books Recommended
- Sarwar, M., and S. A. Chaudhry, 2000. The Rumen: Digestive Physiology and Feeding Management. Uni. Of Agriculture Press, Faisalabad.
- Sarwar, M. and Zia-ul-Hasan, 2000. Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminants. University of Agriculture Press, Faisalabad.
- Pathak, N. N. 2000. Nutrient Requirement of Buffalo. Deradoon International Books, India.
- Morand-Fehi, P. 1991. Goat Nutrition. EAAP Publication No.46, Pudoc wageningen.
- Church, D. C. 1988. Ruminant Animal: Digestive Physiology and Metabolism. Printice Hall Englewood Cliffs, USA.
5. AN-706 VITAMIN NUTRITION 3(2-2)
Theory
History and development of the vitamin concepts and their classification.
Fat-soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, and K; chemistry, metablolism, functions, deficiency, bioassay, interactions with other nutrient, sources, requirements and hypervitaminosis. Water-soluble vitamins: B-complex and vitamin-C, chemistry, functions metabolism, deficiency, sources, requirements and interrelationships with other vitamins and nutrients. Stability of vitamins under different storage conditions.
Practical
Experimental procedure for inducing and correcting vitamins deficiency in birds. Vitamin composition of feeds. Preparation of vitamin supplements.
Books Recommended
- Sarwar, M. and Zia-il-Hasan. 2000. Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminants. University of Agriculture Press, Failsalabad.
- McDowell, L. R. 2000. Vitmins in Animal and Human Nutrition. Academic Press Inc., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers London.
- McDonald, P., R. A. Edwards and J. F. D. Greenhalgh. 1996. Animal Nutrition. Longman Scientific and Technical, Publisher, U.K.
6. AN-709 RESEARCH METHODS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION 3(2-2)
Theory
Planning, designing, execution, evaluation and economic appraisal of nutritional experiments. Feeding experiments with small and large ruminants and poultry. Digestibility trials with total collection and indicator methods. Balance trials for nitrogen, mineral and enery. In vitro technique for feed evaluation. In sacco technique for dry matter fibre and protein degradability. Bio-assays in poultry feeding.
Practical
Measurements of in vivo and in vitro digestibility, rumen volume and digesta flow rate. Sampling and analysis of rumen contents for rumen metabolites, bacterial and protozoal biomass. Statistical analysis of experimental data. Use of computer for data analysis.
Book Recommended
- Petrie, A. and P. Watson. 1999. Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science. Lowa State University Press, Ames, USA.
- FAO. 1995. Tropical Animal Feeding: A Manual for Research Workers, FAO, Rome, Italy.
- Steet, R.G.D.and J.H. 1990. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. International Student Edition McGraw Hill Kagakusha Ltd. Tokyo.
- Pervaiz A. and C. Knipscheer. 1989. Conducting Farm Animal Research Procedures and Economic Analysis.
- Faqir, M. 1989. Experimental Design – University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
- Van Soest, P. J. 1988. Nutritional Ecology of Ruminants. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, USA.
7. AN-712 REACTIONS IN THE RUMEN 2(2-2)
Theory
Rumen Ecosystem: bacteria, protozoa, fungi and their interactions. Microbial growth and nutrition, synthetic processes in the rumen, microbial protein, volatile fatty acid production, energetic efficiency, nitrogen and energy transactions and rumen digesta kinetics. Manipulation of rumen ecosystem through dietary, chemical and biotechnological approaches. Fibre fractions, composition, fermentation and its utilization by ruminants. Homeostasis and Homeorhesis. Metabolic problems and dysfunctions. Nutrient supply and meeting requirements for growth, production and reproduction.
Books Recommended
- Sarwar, M. and S. A. Chaudhry, 2000. The Rumen: Digestive Physiology and Feeding Management. University of Agriculture Press, Faisalabad.
- Sarwar, M. and Zia-ul-Hassan, 2000. Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminants. University of Agriculture Press, Faisalabad.
- Cheeke, P. R. 1992. Applied Animal Nutrition, Feed and Feeding Delmar Publisher, Canada.
- Hobson, P.N. 1988. The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. Elsevier Publishers.
Czerkawski, J. W. 1986. An introduction to Rumen Studies, Pergamon Press. |
